Ectopic means "out of place." In an ectopic pregnancy, a fertilized egg has implanted outside the uterus. The egg settles in the fallopian tubes in more than 95% of ectopic pregnancies. This is why ectopic pregnancies are commonly called "tubal pregnancies." The egg can also implant in the ovary, abdomen, or the cervix, so you may see these referred to as cervical or abdominal pregnancies.

An ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall. Most ectopic pregnancies occur in the Fallopian tube (so-called tubal pregnancies), but implantation can also occur in the cervix, ovaries, and abdomen. The fetus produces enzymes that allow it to implant in varied types of tissues, and thus an embryo implanted elsewhere than the uterus can cause great tissue damage in its efforts to reach a sufficient supply of blood.

The most serious complication of an ectopic pregnancy is intra-abdominal hemorrhage (severe bleeding). In the case of a tubal pregnancy, for example, as the products of conception continue to grow in the fallopian tube, the tube expands and eventually ruptures. This can be very dangerous because a large artery runs on the outside of each fallopian tube. If the artery ruptures, you can bleed severely.

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Prevention for Ectopic Pregnancy

You can't prevent an ectopic pregnancy, but you can decrease certain risk factors. For example, limit your number of sexual partners and use a condom when you have sex to help prevent sexually transmitted diseases and reduce the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Avoid gonorrhea, chlamydia, and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) by using a diaphragm or cervical cap or insisting that your sexual partner wear a condom (rubber).

Surgery of the reproductive system, bowels, or lower abdomen can lead to scarring, which increases your risk of ectopic pregnancy.

PID can damage your fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of ectopic pregnancy. One of the main causes of PID is sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea. The male condom is the most effective method of preventing STIs.

Using safe sex practices, such as using a condom every time you have sex, lowers your risk of ectopic pregnancy. This is because safe sex helps protect you from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID is a common cause of scar tissue in the fallopian tubes, which can cause ectopic pregnancy.

If you are at risk for having an ectopic pregnancy and you think you may be pregnant, use a home pregnancy test. If it is positive, be sure to have a confirmation test done by a health professional, especially if you are concerned about developing an ectopic pregnancy.

You will likely need surgery to remove the abnormal pregnancy. In the past, this was a major operation, requiring a large incision across the pelvic area. This might still be necessary in cases of emergency or extensive internal injury.

As long as you have one healthy fallopian tube, salpingostomy (small tubal slit) and salpingectomy (part of a tube removed) have about the same effect on your future fertility. But if your other tube is damaged, your doctor may try to do a salpingostomy. This may improve your chances of getting pregnant in the future.

Ectopic pregnancy does not occur in normal tubes, so prevention is based on avoiding the cause of damaged tubes. This includes avoiding promiscuity and activities that predispose to pelvic inflammatory disease and the early diagnosis and treatment of appendicitis.

Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterium, sexually transmitted infection that can cause major damage to the female reproductive organs if not diagnosed and treated effectively. In the United States this genital infection occurs frequently among sexually active young persons.
People who are infected with chlamydia may not have any symptoms.
According to womenshealth.about chlamydia affects over 3 million people per year, and three out of four of these people are under the age of 25 years. An overwhelming 50% of women have had chlamydia before they reached the age of 30. The signs of symptoms of chlamydia may be absent or only slightly noticeable, and if Chlamydia treatment is not sought soon enough, severe damage can happen to the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, and uterus, causing infertility. Many women who have sought chlamydia treatment in the past may not even know that their reproductive system has been affected until they are unable to get pregnant. Chlamydia treatment usually does not include checking the function of the reproductive organs, and is only discovered when these women seek treatment for infertility.

About 75% of infected women and half of infected men have no symptoms of the disease (STD).
If symptoms are present, it may be abnormal discharge or painful urination, both of which can be very slight. Often times Chlamydia has progressed far enough that some damage has already occurred because treatment was not initiated sooner. These chlamydia treatments usually consist of prescription antibiotics, such as Zithromax, tetracycline, or erythromycin, all antibiotics that are effective in killing chlamydia with only a few doses. Patients should be instructed to finish prescribed chlamydia treatments even if symptoms are no longer present. Other the STD may not be totally eradicated and come back with a vengeance, requiring more chlamydia treatment with an even stronger antibiotic.

This infection is curable, chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, and, oral sex even if the penis or tongue does not enter the vagina, mouth, or rectum.
The only way to avoid having to seek chlamydia treatment is to use a barrier device, such as a condom during intercourse. If you don’t know your partner that well, or there are extramarital relationships occurring, then by all means use a condom just to be safe. You may never know, especially if you are single and having one night stands and engaging in other promiscuous sexual activities.
If you do contract the bug, then seek testing and chlamydia treatment as soon as possible. You may be too embarrassed to seek chlamydia treatment, which is understandable, but at the same time, your reproductive health is at stake. Confide in your health care provider if you have engaged in unprotected sex, and get tested.
You may not have Chlamydia, but you will feel much better knowing that, and if you do, you can start chlamydia treatment right away.
Chlamydia can be easily treated with antibiotics. Make sure your sex partner(s) also receive treatment and avoid having sex while being treated not getting the infection again and transmitting it again.

Male Infertility of subfertility can be a factor in 50% or more of all couple infertility issues but as most asisted reproductive technologies such as IVF, IUI, Clomid and other hormonal therapies are directed towards women – there are very few western medical options remaining for men. Acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine may be an alternative for men who are having fertility issues and have run out of options with regards to biomedical treatment.

Medical Testing For Male Reproductive Disorders

Many medical doctors recommend couples who are having difficulty conceiving over a 1 year period to undergo fertility testing. For men this involves several exams including a physical, blood, semen analysis as well as a full medical and family medical history, see below:

The Diagnosis

• In any fertility consultation both the man and woman are tested if conception fails to occur after twelve months of unprotected sexual intercourse.

• A consultation may not only uncover the root causes of infertility but also detect other potentially serious medical problems such as cancer, diabetes or DNA mutations.

The Taking of a Fertility History

• Your Doctor must be provided with any medical or sexual factors which may be a barrier to conception and healthy pregnancy, these are:
• Your sexual history: Including any sexually transmitted diseases (STD's)
• Frequency of unprotected sexual intercourse
• Your family history of fertility issues (if applicable)
• Timing of unprotected sexual intercourse
• Febrile illness or developmental illnesses as a child
• Any chronic or serious illness or surgeries
• Any long term exposure to chemicals or toxins in the workplace

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The Physical Exam

Usually a fertility specialist such as a urologist will perform the physical examination. This exam is useful for detecting any structural abnormalities which may be interfering with the normal flow of blood or sperm in the male genital region. This includes checking for:

• Varicoceles – abnormally large veins in the scrotal region
• Testicle size – small and soft testicles may indicate low sperm count
• Scrotal thermography – checking for abnormal scrotal temperature
• Abnormalities in the prostate gland
• Penile warts, hypospadias and any abnormal discharge